LMLK Seals from Jerusalem
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MMST
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 		Click here for a map showing Jerusalem excavation sites.

General statistics:
  • 34 HBRN
  • 20 MMST
  • 10 SUKE
  • 28 ZYF
  • 09 Generic
  • 62 cannot classify by inscription


  • 177 2-winged
  • 022 4-winged
Specific statistics: Generic HBRN MMST SUKE ZYF
2-Winged (Rigid & Top-Register) 8 0 1 0 1
2-Winged Divided   25 14 4 19
2-Winged Undivided   3 0 0 2
4-Winged Lapidarist   3 0 4 2
4-Winged Cursory (many; all Type 484s)   2     4
4-Winged Cursory (few; mostly pithoi)     1   0

    G2T

  1. G2T, 3:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 6606-1):


  2. G2T, 4:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 5761-1):


  3. G2T, 4:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 8700-1):


  4. G2T, 5:00, xxx, x from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 164-1):


  5. G2T, 9:00, SGx, 0 reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (#141):


  6. G2T, x:00, xxx, x from "Eretz-Israel vol. 15" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Kenyon's City of David Reg. #190):


  7. G2T, x:00, xxx, 2 from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E1-10147, M29-CC10):


  8. G2T, x:00, xxx, C from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E2-2783, M30-CC9):


    9. H2D

  9. H2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E2-1941 (M9) at the IAA (#1996-3328):


  10. H2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E1-3303 (M46) at the IAA (#1996-3353):


  11. H2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3769-1):


  12. H2D, 3:00, xxx, 2 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 6689-1):


    13. Note:  This impression also appears in IEJ vol. 20 #3-4 by N. Avigad

  13. H2D, 4:00, SGx, 0 reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (from Ophel; #200):


  14. H2D, 4:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #6799 at the IAA (#1968-1200):


  15. H2D, 4:00, xxx, 2 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-14019 (M13-CC4) at the IAA (#1996-3312):


  16. H2D, 4:00, xxx, 2 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3811-1):


    17. Note:  This impression also appears in "Discovering Jerusalem" by Nahman Avigad

  17. H2D, 5:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #6802 at the IAA (#1968-1204):


  18. H2D, 8:00, xxx, 2 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3803-1):


  19. H2D, 9:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #6803 at the IAA (#1968-1198 in their database but #1968-1128 on their photo):


  20. H2D, 9:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-13508 (M14) at the IAA (#1986-1827):


  21. H2D, 9:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-14031 (M10) at the IAA (#1996-3329):


  22. H2D, 9:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E2-12032 (M15) at the IAA (#1986-3331):


  23. H2D, 9:00, xxx, 2 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 538-1):


  24. H2D, 10:00, AGx, 0 reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (from Ophel; #198):


  25. H2D, 10:00, Sxx, 2; complete handle reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (from Ophel; #147):


  26. H2D, 10:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 5656-1):


  27. H2D, 11:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-13601 (M33) at the IAA (#1996-3343):


  28. H2D, 11:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 2673-1):


  29. H2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Eretz-Israel vol. 15" published by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel; #767):


  30. H2D, x:00, xxx, 2 from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #148):


  31. H2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E1-6446, M8):


  32. H2D, x:00, xxx, 2 from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #G-2189, M11-CC3):


  33. H2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E2-2947, M12):


    34. H2U

  34. H2U, 4:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E1-9480 (M35) at the IAA (#1996-3345):


  35. H2U, 9:00, xxx, 0 from Jerusalem, Shiloh's City of David Reg. #G-15357 (M16) at the IAA (#1996-3332):


  36. H2U, 9:00, xxx, 0 from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount #147; IAA #1996-1245):

    37. H4C

  37. H4C, 1:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3656-1):


  38. H4C, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E1-4088, M4):


    39. H4L

  39. H4L, 6:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E1-9897 (M1) at the IAA (#1986-1817):


  40. H4L, 12:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-14146 (M3) at the IAA (#1996-3321):


  41. H4L, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E1-3422, M2):


    42. M2D

  42. M2D, 2:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 6642):


  43. M2D, 3:00, SGG, 4 reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (#140; click for details):


  44. M2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E1-9529 (M28-CC8) at the IAA (#1996-3316):


  45. M2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #6796 at the IAA (#1968-1200):


  46. M2D, 4:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #6801 at the IAA (#1968-1203; click for detailed photos):

  47. M2D, 4:00, xxx, 0 from The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine vol. 14 by Geoffrey Cumberlege (C.N. Johns' Citadel excavations):


  48. M2D, 6:00, Axx, 0 reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (#143):


  49. M2D, 9:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 2084):


  50. M2D, 10:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3891-1):


  51. M2D, 10:00, xxx, x from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3464):


    52. Note:  This impression also appears in "Discovering Jerusalem" by Nahman Avigad

  52. M2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-13820, M25):


  53. M2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-13631, M26):


  54. M2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-13661, M27):


  55. M2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E2-1691, M45):


    56. M2T

  56. M2T, 9:00, xxx, x from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 11878):


    57. M4C

  57. M4C, 6:00, xxx, x from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 5943-1):


    58. Note:  This impression also appears in "Discovering Jerusalem" by Nahman Avigad

    S2DW

  58. S2DW, 3:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 34-390):


  59. S2DW, 4:00, SGx, 0 reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (from Ophel; #204):


  60. S2DW, 4:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #6798 at the IAA (#1968-1202 in their database but #1963-1202 on their photo):


  61. S2DW, 10:00, Axx, 0 reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (#142):


    62. S4L

  62. S4L, 12:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-13563 (M5) at the IAA (#1996-3324):


  63. S4L, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #144):


  64. S4L, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #145):


  65. S4L, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-20311, M7):


    66. Type x2xR (rigid wing design)

  66. x2xR, x:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3889-1):


    67. Note:  Probably an S2DR; possibly an M2T

    x2x

  67. x2x, 3:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 1385):


  68. x2x, 3:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 6687-1):


  69. x2x, 3:00, xxx, 2 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 2038):


  70. x2x, 4:00, SGx, 0 reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (#139):


  71. x2x, 4:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #6800 at the IAA (#1968-1201):


  72. x2x, 4:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 4410-1):


  73. x2x, 4:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 6705-1):


  74. x2x, 4:00, xxx, 2 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 6079-1):


  75. x2x, 7:00, SGG, 2 from Shlomit Wexler's Western-Wall Plaza excavations televised by MB@ (Mabat) in March, 2008:


    76. Note:  Probably an H2D; possibly an M2U, S2DR, or Z2D

  76. x2x, 7:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 8927):


    77. Note:  Either a G2T or an M2T

  77. x2x, 9:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 5775-1):


  78. x2x, 9:00, xxx, 2 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 4103-1):


  79. x2x, 9:00, xxx, 2 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 6576-1):


  80. x2x, 9:00, xxx, x Kenyon's City of David at the IAA (#1968-1194):


  81. x2x, 10:00, xxx, x from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 491-1):


  82. x2x, 11:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3784-1):


  83. x2x, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #151):


  84. x2x, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #160):


  85. x2x, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #161):


  86. x2x, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #162):


  87. x2x, x:00, xxx, 2 from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (#158):


    88. Note:  Probably an H2D; possibly a Z2D

  88. x2x, x:00, xxx, 2 from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (#159):


  89. x2x, x:00, xxx, 2 from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #J-8015, M23-CC6):


  90. x2x, x:00, xxx, 2 from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-20069, M31-CC7):


    91. Note:  Probably a Z2D; possibly an H2D or M2U

  91. x2x, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-20463, M43):


    92. x4C

  92. x4C, 12:00, xxx, 2 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3055-3):


    93. Note:  Probably a Z4CY but the Mem isn't parallel to the Lamed & the handle is from a Type 484 jar instead of a pithos; possibly a Z4CI or an otherwise unknown x4C seal.

    x4L

  93. x4L, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #143):


    94. Note:  Probably an H4L; possibly a Z4L

  94. x4L, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #146):


    95. Z2D

  95. Z2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #6797 at the IAA (#1968-1207):


  96. Z2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E3-12984 (M19) at the IAA (#1996-3335):


  97. Z2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #G-2165 (M20) at the IAA (#1996-3336):


  98. Z2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #G-4317 (M21) at the IAA (#1996-3337):


  99. Z2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 14-136):


  100. Z2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 2400):


  101. Z2D, 3:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 3965):


  102. Z2D, 4:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #7552 at the IAA (#1968-1211):


  103. Z2D, 4:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #G-4610 (M24) at the IAA (#1996-3338):


  104. Z2D, 4:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 1862):


  105. Z2D, 9:00, SGG, 2 reproduced by permission of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, England (#138; click for details):


    106. Note:  This impression also appears in Hasmodia 2004-8-18 (ad by The Living Torah Museum

  106. Z2D, 9:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #6795 at the IAA (#1968-1197 in their database but #1968-1127 on their photo):


  107. Z2D, 9:00, xxx, 0 Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-13949 (M17) at the IAA (#1996-3333):


  108. Z2D, 10:00, xxx, x Shiloh's City of David Reg. #K-18506 (M18) at the IAA (#1996-3334):


  109. Z2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #152 & #155):


    110. Note:  These 2 photos show alternate lighting shots of the same impression, but were listed as 2 separate impressions by mistake (see Qedem 29 on Errata page for details).  The same handle also appears in "Eretz-Israel vol. 9" by Benjamin Mazar.

  110. Z2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #153):


  111. Z2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #154):


  112. Z2D, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #157):


  113. Z2D, x:00, xxx, 2 from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #E2-7952, M22-CC5):


    114. Z2T

  114. Z2T, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #156):


    115. Z2U

  115. Z2U, 3:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 29" by Eilat Mazar & Benjamin Mazar, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (from Ophel south of the Temple Mount; #149):


    116. Note:  This impression also appears in "The Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Near the Temple Mount" by B. Mazar

  116. Z2U, 9:00, xxx, 0 Kenyon's City of David Reg. #7241 at the IAA (#1968-1217):


    117. Z4CI

  117. Z4CI, 7:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 2383):


  118. Z4CI, 12:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 1021):


  119. Z4CI, 12:00, xxx, x from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 6665-1):


  120. Z4CI, x:00, xxx, x from "Discovering Jerusalem" by Nahman Avigad:


    121. Z4L

  121. Z4L, 12:00, xxx, 0 from "Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem vol. 1" published by The Israel Exploration Society (Reg. No. 8725-1):


  122. Z4L, x:00, xxx, x from "Qedem:  Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 41" by Donald T. Ariel & Yair Shoham, distributed by The Israel Exploration Society (Shiloh's City of David Reg. #D2-20015, M6):


"And the border went up by the Valley of the Son of Hinnom to the southern slope of the Jebusite city (which is Jerusalem)."--Joshua 15:8
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 This page was created on January 25, 2003, & last updated on March 15, 2008