The LMLK Research Website
LMLK Home

Biblical_Accounts
NonBiblical Accounts
Theories

HBRN
MMST
SUKE
ZYF
Generic
x (cannot classify)

2-Top
2-Divided
2-Undivided
4-Cursory
4-Lapidarist

Jars
Personal Seals
Incisions

Paleography
Typologies
Corpus
Stratigraphy
Geography

Displays
Publications
Credits
Updates

Here is a website with over 800 pages devoted to information about, & images of, the ancient Hebrew LMLK (Lamed-Mem-Lamed-Kaf, commonly pronounced "L'melekh", meaning "belonging to the king") seal impressions found in & around Jerusalem on fragmented jar handles interpreted as royal stamps that may be referring to a Biblical king of Judah, or possibly God.

If you are unfamiliar with the LMLK phenomenon, view this 1-minute introductory movie:
Note:  All 3 versions of the movie require a MIDI device for sound.

STORIES

Biblical accounts by Isaiah, the Israelite chronicler, & the Judean chronicler

Non-Biblical accounts of King Hezekiah vs. Sennacherib

Theories by archaeologists & historians

LMLK IMPRESSIONS

The HBRN inscriptions

The MMST inscriptions

The SUKE inscriptions

The ZYF inscriptions

Generic seal impressions with either "LMLK" as the only inscription or no inscriptions at all

LMLK seal impressions that cannot be classified by inscriptions

Over 1,000 handle impressions are classified throughout this website; the six pages above sort them by inscription words, & the five pages below sort them by inscription styles.

The 2-winged icons with top-register inscriptions (blank bottom registers)

The 2-winged icons with divided bottom-register inscriptions

The 2-winged icons with undivided bottom-register inscriptions

The 4-winged icons with cursory inscriptions

The 4-winged icons with lapidarist inscriptions

JARS & RELATED MARKINGS

Facts about the jars & handles (including their chemical composition)

Facts about the personal seals that accompanied some LMLK jars

Facts about the incisions over/near LMLK impressions (the Plus Mark and Concentric Circles)

ANALYSIS

Paleographic charts of Paleo-Hebrew used in the LMLK inscriptions

Lists of typologies used by scholars & the one devised for this website

Corpus compiled by Vaughn/Barkay & statistics of seals shown on this website

Stratigraphic data of excavated LMLK handles (including the Gibeon Pool time capsule)

Geographic analysis of seal distribution (site-listing & maps)

Note:  Another page gives an overview of chemical analyses performed on the jars.

RESOURCES

List of museums/organizations with LMLK handles in storage &/or on display

Publications/bibliography including milestones, errata, & abbreviations

Credits, thanks, appreciation, & gratitude

Significant updates to this website along with an agenda of future changes

If you would like to contribute information to this website, please submit it via E-mail to the address shown in the menu at top-left.

NOTEWORTHY ITEMS

Anachronistic inscription incised over LMLK icon

"Bath" & "Half" LMLK inscriptions on jars

Bullae with LMLK inscriptions

Forged LMLK impression on a genuine LMLK handle

Intact Type 484 jar with LMLK seal

King Hezekiah's personal seals

LMLK impression made from another LMLK impression!!!

LMLK impression made with an extra lump of clay added to the handle

LMLK postage stamps

LMRA/LMRT/LNRA/LNRT impression from En Gedi

Ostraca with LMLK inscriptions

Rosette jars & impressions

Stamp Interpretation Tricks

Weights with incised LMLK inscriptions

Note:  Depending on your browser software (at least IE5 or NS6), you may be able to view Hebrew words alongside English ones on some pages within this website (otherwise the characters may appear as question marks)--here is a test:  LMLK=למלך.

Note:  The LMLK Research Website is not copyrighted--its publication is open for the benefit of all interested researchers.  However, if copying photos from this website, please note the credits associated with each one & request reproduction permission from the respective publishers; some photos have no credits (such as the photos of the Redondo Beach collection) & may be freely used for non-exclusive, scholarly purposes, but others may not be reproduced without permission by their respective owners as noted (the fair use of a copyrighted work for purposes such as scholarship or research is not an infringement of copyright).  If linking to this website from another, please use the following HTML:
<A HREF="http://www.lmlk.com/research" TARGET="_blank">
The LMLK Research Website</A>

"Truth shall spring out of the earth..."--Psalm 85:11
Number of visits:
This page was created on January 12, 2002, & last updated on March 14, 2011